INDEPENDENCE ERA

Independence era == ==

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((main | Indonesian Independence))

Hearing the news that Japan no longer has the power to make decisions like that on [[August 16]], Sukarno read the "Proclamation" on the next day. The news of the proclamation of spread by radio and leaflets while the Indonesian military forces in time of war, Army [[Defenders of the Fatherland]] (PETA), the youth, and others took off to maintain the residence of Sukarno.

On [[August 18]] [[1945]] The Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence (PPKI) installed Sukarno as President and [[Mohammad Hatta]] as a Vice President with a constitution that was designed a few days earlier. Later formed the Central Indonesian National Committee (KNIP) as a temporary parliament until elections can be held. This group declared a new government on [[August 31]] and want the Republic of Indonesia which consists of 8 provinces: [[Sumatra]], [[Borneo]] (not including the area Sabah, Sarawak and Brunei), [[West Java]] , [[Central Java]], [[East Java]], [[Sulawesi]], [[Maluku]] (including [[Papua]]) and [[Lesser Sunda Islands | West Nusa Tenggara]].

=== War of Independence ===

((main | Indonesia: Era 1945-1949))

[[Image: Proklamasi.png | 250px | thumb | right | Text Proclamation]]

From [[1945]] until [[1949]], Australian maritime union sympathies with the independence efforts, ban all Dutch shipping during this conflict that the Dutch did not have the logistical support and supplies necessary to reshape the colonial power.

Dutch efforts to regain control faced strong opposition. After returning to Java, Dutch forces recaptured once the colonial capital of Batavia, as a result of the nationalists to make [[Yogyakarta]] as their capital. On [[December 27]] [[1949]] (see article on [[December 27, 1949]]), after 4 years of war and negotiation, Queen [[Juliana of the Netherlands]] transfer of sovereignty to the Federal Government of Indonesia. In 1950, Indonesia became a member of the 60 [[United Nations]].

See also [http://countrystudies.us/indonesia/16.htm The National Revolution, 1945-50] for more information (in English).

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Not long after that, Indonesia adopted the [[Constitution '45 | new statute]] that consists of the parliamentary system in which the executive council elected by and responsible to the parliament or the [[Assembly]]. Assembly divided the political parties before and after the first election in the year [[1955]], so that a stable coalition government difficult to achieve.

The role of Islam in Indonesia is a complex thing. Sukarno chose state [[secular]] are based on [[Pancasila]] while some Muslim groups want a more Islamic state or the law contains a section menyaratkan Muslims submit to the [[Islamic | Islamic law]].

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((main | Indonesia: Guided Democracy Era))

A failed uprising in the [[Sumatra]], [[Sulawesi]], West Java and other islands, which started since 1958, plus the failure of the Assembly to develop a new constitution, weakened the parliamentary system of Indonesia. Result in [[1959]] when the President [[Soekarno]] unilaterally revive the 1945 constitution as temporary, which provides a great presidential power, he did not encounter many obstacles.

From 1959 to 1965, President Sukarno ruled in an authoritarian regime under the label "[[Guided Democracy]]". He also moved Indonesia's foreign policy toward the non-aligned, supported the policy of the prominent leaders of former colonies who rejected formal alliances with the West Block and Block [[Soviet Union]]. The leaders gathered in the [[Bandung]], [[West Java]] in [[1955]] in [[Asia-African Summit]] to establish a foundation that would become [[Non-Aligned Movement]].

In late [[1950s]] and early [[1960s]], Sukarno moved closer to the communist countries of Asia and the [[Communist Party of Indonesia]] (PKI) in the country. Although PKI is the largest communist party in the world outside [[Soviet Union]] and [[China | China]], mass support never showed obedience to the Communist Party's ideological as in other countries.

=== Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation ===

((main | Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation))

Sukarno opposed the formation of the Federation of [[Malaysia]] and mention that it is a "neo-colonial plan" to facilitate the commercial plan [[United Kingdom]] in the region. In addition to the formation of [[Federation of Malaysia]], it is considered to expand the influence of [[imperialism]] of Western countries in Asia and provides a gap to the UK and Australia to influence the regional politics of Asia. Responding to the decision [[United Nations]] to recognize the sovereignty of Malaysia and make Malaysia a member is not fixed [[UN Security Council]], President Sukarno declared Indonesia's resignation from the membership of the United Nations on [[January 20]] [[1965]] and founded the New Power Conference ([[CONEFO]]) as a rival [[United Nations]] and [[GANEFO]] as a rival [[Olympic Games]]. In this confrontation that later resulted in the battle between the forces of Indonesia and Malaysia (which is assisted by the British).

Fate === West Irian ===

((main | West Papua Conflict))
At the time of independence, the Dutch government to maintain power against [[Western New Guinea | west]] island of [[Guinea]] (Papua), and allowing the steps toward self-government and declaring independence on [[December 1]] [[ 1961]].

Negotiations with the Dutch about the merger with the Indonesian region failed, and the Indonesian army paratroopers landed in New Guinea on [[December 18]] before then a battle between Indonesian and Dutch troops in 1961 and 1962. In 1962 the United States pressed the Dutch to agree to conduct secret talks with Indonesia, which produces [[Treaty of New York]] in August 1962, and Indonesia took control of the [[Irian Jaya]] in [[May 1]] [[1963]] .

=== September 30 Movement ===

((Main | September 30 Movement))

Until [[1965]], PKI has mastered much of the mass organizations formed by Sukarno to strengthen support for his regime and, with the approval of Sukarno, began a campaign to establish "[[Force Five]]" by arming its supporters. Military leaders opposed this.

On [[30 September]] [[1965]], six senior generals and some other people were killed in the effort to [[coup]] the blame to the guards loyal to the PKI. Commander of the Army Strategic Command at the time, Maj. Gen. [[Suharto]], the coup was crushed and turned against the PKI. Suharto then use this situation to take over power. More than tens of thousands of people accused of communist and then killed. The number of casualties on the [[1966]] to reach at least 500,000; the worst place in [[Java]] and [[Bali]].


source: wikipedia